Sedentary time is associated with increased obesity in police officers. Caffeine intake may reduce sedentary time but it has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, the effect of caffeine ingestion on sedentary time was investigated in obese police officers. Fourteen obese police officers ingested either 5 mg/kg of caffeine or cellulose (placebo) for six days. Information on inactivity time, time spent with physical activities, self-reported perception of tiredness, and physical activity disposition was obtained daily during the intervention period. Sedentary and physical activity times were divided into two intraday periods (T1: 08:00 am-02:00 pm and T2: 02:00 pm-08:00 pm). Caffeine intake decreased the sedentary time in both T1 (79.2±2.2%) and T2 (79.1±2.5%), when compared with T2 of the placebo condition (81.1±3.6%, P<0.05). Caffeine intake also increased the time spent on light physical activities in T1 and T2 (17±2 and 18±2%), when compared with T2 of the placebo condition (16±3%, P<0.05). In addition, sedentary time increased and light physical activity time decreased from T1 to T2 in the placebo (P<0.001) but not in the caffeine condition (P=0.81). Caffeine intake had no effect on tiredness (P>0.05), but it increased the self-reported physical activity disposition compared to the placebo condition (4.5±2.7 vs 3.2±2.3 units, P<0.05). Caffeine intake reduced the sedentary time and increased the time spent on light physical activities of obese police officers, which seems to be related to a higher disposition for the practice of physical activity.

Resumo Neste trabalho o processo simplificado de obtenção dos esforços finais utilizando o coeficiente γ z é estudado levando-se em conta a variação dos efeitos de segunda ordem ao longo da altura dos edifícios. Com este objetivo, diversos edifícios de médio porte em concreto armado são processados em primeira e segunda ordem utilizando o programa ANSYS. Inicialmente, mostra-se que o coeficiente γ z deve ser utilizado como majorador dos momentos de primeira ordem para a obtenção dos momentos finais. Assim, o estudo é conduzido considerando a relação entre os momentos obtidos pela análise em segunda e em primeira ordem, calculada para cada pavimento das estruturas. Esta relação entre os momentos é denominada de majorador dos momentos de primeira ordem, "γ", e, na situação ideal, deve coincidir com o valor de γ z . Entretanto, observa-se que a razão γ /γ z varia ao longo da altura dos edifícios. Além disso, mostra-se, por meio de uma análise estatística, que a relação γ /γ z apresenta-se geralmente inferior a 1,05 e varia significativamente de acordo com o edifício considerado e a presença ou não de simetria na estrutura.

Abstract In this paper the simplified method to evaluate final efforts using γ z coefficient is studied considering the variation of the second order effects with the height of the buildings. With this purpose, several reinforced concrete buildings of medium height are analyzed in first and second order using ANSYS software. Initially, it was checked that the (z coefficient should be used as magnifier of first order moments to evaluate final second order moments. Therefore, the study is developed considering the relation (final second order moments/ first order moments), calculated for each story of the structures. This moments relation is called magnifier of first order moments, "γ", and, in the ideal situation, it must coincide with the γ z value. However, it is observed that the reason γ /γ z varies with the height of the buildings. Furthermore, using an statistical analysis, it was checked that γ /γ z relation is generally lower than 1.05 and varies significantly in accordance with the considered building and with the presence or not of symmetry in the structure.

Neste trabalho busca-se avaliar a eficiência da inércia equivalente de Branson [1] para considerar a não-linearidade física das vigas de forma simplificada. Com este objetivo, são realizadas diversas análises numéricas de pórticos planos medianamente altos em concreto armado utilizando o "software” ANSYS. Inicialmente, os pórticos são processados considerando ambas as não-linearidades geométrica e física. Em seguida, são realizadas análises não-lineares geométricas, considerando a não-linearidade física de forma aproximada, por meio da redução de rigidez dos elementos estruturais. No caso dos pilares, a rigidez foi reduzida em 20% e, para as vigas, foram utilizados os valores de redução de inércia segundo a formulação de Branson [1] e aqueles recomendados pela NBR 6118:2007 [2]. Observa-se que a redução de inércia segundo a formulação de Branson [1] representa o comportamento das estruturas com maior precisão no estado limite de serviço. Além disso, mostra-se que a utilização da inércia equivalente de Branson [1] é mais eficiente para representar o comportamento dos pórticos mais flexíveis do que dos pórticos mais rígidos.

In this paper the efficiency of Branson’s equivalent inertia to consider the physical nonlinearity of beams in simple form is evaluated. For this purpose, several reinforced concrete plane frames of medium height are analyzed using ANSYS software. Initially, the frames are processed considering both physical and geometric nonlinearities. Next, geometric nonlinear analyses are performed, considering a physical nonlinearity approximated through the stiffness reduction in the structural elements. In the case of the columns, the stiffness was reduced by 20% and, for the beams, the inertia reduction values according to the Branson [1] formula and the NBR 6118:2007 [2] Brazilian Norm were used. It was observed that the inertia reduction according to the Branson [1] formula better represents the actual behavior of the structures at the service limit state. Furthermore, it was verified that the use of Branson’s equivalent inertia is more efficient at representing the behavior of the more flexible frames than stiffer frames.

Our aim was to determine the frequencies of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene alleles D and I and any associations to cardiovascular risk factors in a population sample from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eighty-four adults were selected consecutively during a 6-month period from a cohort subgroup of a previous large cross-sectional survey in Rio de Janeiro. Anthropometric data and blood pressure measurements, echocardiogram, albuminuria, glycemia, lipid profile, and ACE genotype and serum enzyme activity were determined. The frequency of the ACE*D and I alleles in the population under study, determined by PCR, was 0.59 and 0.41, respectively, and the frequencies of the DD, DI, and II genotypes were 0.33, 0.51, and 0.16, respectively. No association between hypertension and genotype was detected using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Mean plasma ACE activity (U/mL) in the DD (N = 28), DI (N = 45) and II (N = 13) groups was 43 (in males) and 52 (in females), 37 and 39, and 22 and 27, respectively; mean microalbuminuria (mg/dL) was 1.41 and 1.6, 0.85 and 0.9, and 0.6 and 0.63, respectively; mean HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) was 40 and 43, 37 and 45, and 41 and 49, respectively, and mean glucose (mg/dL) was 93 and 108, 107 and 98, and 85 and 124, respectively. A high level of ACE activity and albuminuria, and a low level of HDL cholesterol and glucose, were found to be associated with the DD genotype. Finally, the II genotype was found to be associated with variables related to glucose intolerance.

Many extrahepatic manifestations, including rheumatic diseases, have been reported to be associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In order to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with rheumatic diseases, in the present study we interviewed 367 patients and tested their blood samples for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-HCV-reactive samples were retested for confirmation by a line immunoassay and also for HCV RNA detection by the polymerase chain reaction. HCV RNA-positive samples were genotyped by INNO-LIPA. An overall HCV infection prevalence of 1.9% (7/367) was found. Of the 7 HCV-infected patients, 4 had systemic lupus erythematosus and 3 rheumatoid arthritis, resulting in positivity rates of 2.3 and 3.4%, respectively. HCV RNA genotyping revealed the presence of subtypes 1a (57.1%), 1b (28.6%) and 3a (14.3%). The clinical course was favorable for all HCV-infected patients, except one, who died due to renal insufficiency related to lupus nephritis. These results demonstrate a low HCV infection prevalence among the population studied. In the few positive cases, we observed no adverse influence of this infection on the clinical evolution of the rheumatic disease.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as freqüências gênicas em diferentes gerações de bovinos da raça sintética Canchim (5/8 Charolês, 3/8 Zebu). Uma amostra de 154 animais, representando três classes de gerações de um rebanho das raça Canchim, foi analisada para sete marcadores moleculares. Uma amostra da raça Charolesa (N = 36) foi incluída nas análises para permitir comparações. Observou-se um aumento linear, altamente significativo (P < 0,01), na freqüência do alelo que codifica o aminoácido valina na posição 127 do hormônio de crescimento, ao longo das gerações de Canchim. Este alelo foi observado na amostra da raça Charolesa e não é encontrado em raças zebuínas nacionais. Quatro alelos foram observados para o microssatélite localizado na região 5' não transcrita do gene do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina do tipo I (IGF-I), com tamanhos variando de 231 a 225 pb. A freqüência do alelo de 225 pb apresentou um aumento significativo (P < 0,05) não linear ao longo das gerações. Este alelo não foi observado na raça Charolesa e é predominante nas raças zebuínas. Para o microssatélite CSFM50, seis alelos foram observados na raça Canchim, tendo sido verificada uma redução linear (P < 0,05) na freqüência do alelo de 168 bp. A hipótese de acasalamento preferencial com relação ao polimorfismo do hormônio de crescimento foi reforçada pelos resultados da análise de estatística F de Wright. O valor estimado de FIS para este loco foi 0,59 (P < 0,01). O aumento simultâneo de um alelo do hormônio de crescimento característico de Bos taurus e de um alelo de IGF-I característico de Bos indicus sugere que a seleção fenotípica tenha favorecido regiões diferentes de ambos os genomas que entraram na formação dessa raça.

This study was developed to evaluate selection effects on gene frequencies in a synthetic beef cattle cross (5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Zebu) named Canchim. A sample of 154 Canchim animals, representing three generation classes, was analyzed for seven molecular markers. Thirty-six Charolais cattle were also studied for comparison. A highly significant variation (P < 0.01), with a linear increase of the allele coding for valine at position 127 of the growth hormone peptide, was observed through generations. This allele was found in the Charolais sample but is not observed in Brazilian Bos indicus breeds. Four alleles were found for a microsatellite in the 5' flanking region of insulin-like growth factor I gene in Canchim. Allele sizes ranged from 231 to 225 bp. There was a significant (P < 0.05) nonlinear increase in the 225-bp allele frequency. This allele was not observed in Charolais. Six alleles were observed for microsatellite CSFM50 in the Canchim population. A significant (P < 0.05) linear reduction of the 168-bp allele was observed over the generations. The hypothesis of preferential mating for growth hormone polymorphism was supported by Wright's F-statistics. Estimated FIS value for growth hormone was 0.59 (P < 0.01). These results suggest that selection influenced three out of seven loci analyzed. The simultaneous increases of a Bos taurus-specific growth hormone allele and a Bos indicus-specific insulin-like growth factor I allele indicate that phenotypic selection favored different regions of both genomes.